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Pump & Treat

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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Why Was This Document Developed?
1.2 Audience
1.3 What Is Pump and Treat?
1.4 What Is Pump and Treat Optimization and Why Is It Needed?
1.5 Navigating the Document
1.6 Limitations
2 Life Cycle Optimization Framework For Pump and Treat Systems
2 Life Cycle Optimization Framework For Pump and Treat Systems
2.1 Pump and Treat Remedy Life Cycle
2.2 Performance-Based Pump and Treat Optimization
2.3 Interactive Tool for Assessing Whether Optimization Might Be Beneficial for Your Site
3 Pump and Treat Performance Evaluation
3 Pump and Treat Performance Evaluation
3.1 System Components, System Evaluation Process, and Drivers of Performance Evaluation
3.2 Identifying Data Gaps and Updating the Conceptual Site Model
3.3 Performance Assessment
3.4 Is P&T Still the Best Remedial Option for Cleanup?
4 Process Optimization and Management for Evolving Site Conditions
4 Process Optimization and Management for Evolving Site Conditions
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Recommendations to Address Changes to the Conceptual Site Model
4.3 Optimizing the Existing System
4.4 Enhancements to the Existing P&T System
4.5 Cost Estimating for Recommendations
4.6 Optimization Report
4.7 Implementation Approach
5 Transition and Termination
5 Transition and Termination
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Transition Planning
5.3 Step 1—Identify the Trigger Conditions and Affirm the Need for Pump and Treat Transition
5.4 Step 2—Identify the Transition Approach and Develop the Lines of Evidence for Pump and Treat Transition
5.5 Step 3—Implement the Pump and Treat Transition
5.6 Pump and Treat Termination
6 Integrating Sustainable and Resilient Remediation Into Optimization
6 Integrating Sustainable and Resilent Remediation Into Optimization
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sustainability—Water Considerations
6.3 Sustainability and Green Energy
6.4 Cost-Efficiency in Sustainable Resilient Remediation
6.5 Resiliency to Climate Change
6.6 Well-Network Design / Retrofit Considerations
6.7 Climate Adaptation
7 Regulatory Perspective
7 Regulatory Perspective
7.1 Understanding Federal and State Regulatory Frameworks and Optimization
7.2 Communicating Optimization to Regulators
7.3 Changes to Regulatory Standards
7.4 Optimization and Remedy Change—How to Transition Away from Pump and Treat
7.5 Changes to Controlling Documents
7.6 Site Closeout
7.7 Regulatory Challenges and Opportunities Resources
8 Stakeholder Considerations
8 Stakeholder Considerations
8.1 Stakeholders and Risk Communication
8.2 Stakeholders and Optimization
8.3 Ongoing Stakeholder Engagement
8.4 Initiating or Renewing Stakeholder Engagement
8.5 Explaining the Optimization Process to Stakeholders
8.6 Explaining the Technical Basis of Optimization Decision-Making
8.7 Stakeholders and Sustainable/Resilient Remediation
8.8 Stakeholders as a Force for Optimization
Appendix A. Common Concepts 
Appendix B. Case Studies
Appendix C. Interactive Checklists
Interactive Checklists
Optimization Potential Questionnaire
Detailed Optimization Questionnaire
Appendix D. Existing Optimization Programs
Appendix E. State Survey Summary
References
Glossary
Acronyms
Acknowledgments
Team Contacts
Document Feedback

 

Pump & Treat
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1,2-DCA 1,2-dichloroethane
1D, 2D, 3D one dimensional, two dimensional, three dimensional
3DVA three-dimensional data visualization and analysis
3TMO 3-Tiered Monitoring and Optimization Tool
AC assimilative capacity
ACO administrative consent order
ACL alternate concentration limit
AEE Association of Energy Engineers
AFCEC Air Force Civil Engineer Center (formerly Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment, AFCEE)
AFCEE Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment
Air Force United States Air Force
aka also known as
AM adaptive management
ARAR applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements
ASCT advanced site characterization tools
AS air sparging
ASM adaptive site management
ASTM ASTM International
ASTSWMO Association of State and Territorial Solid Waste Management Officials
BART biological activity reaction test
BCEE bis 2-chloroethyl ether
BFF bulk fuels facility
bgs below ground surface
BMP best management practice
BTEX benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene
CCL4 carbon tetrachloride
CD consent decree
CEA classification exception area
CEC contaminants of emerging concern
CEM certified energy manager
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (Superfund)
CES cost-effective sampling
cfm cubic feet per minute
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
cis 1,2 DCE cis-1,2 dichloroethylene
CLU-IN Contaminated Site Clean-Up Information
CMD contaminant mass discharge
COC contaminant of concern
Cr (VI) hexavalent chromium
CRAFT Corps of Engineers Reduced and Abridged FEMP Tool
CRAN Comprehensive R Archive Network
CRC Care Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment
CSM conceptual site model
CTS compliance tracking system
CVOC chlorinated volatile organic compound
CZOM AFCEC Operations Division, Midwest Branch
CZTE AFCEC, Environmental Restoration Technical Support Branch
DCE dichloroethylene
DEC Department of Environmental Conservation
DER declaration of environmental restriction
DNAPL dense nonaqueous phase liquid
DNR Department of Natural Resources
DOD United States Department of Defense
DOE United States Department of Energy
DOH Department of Health
DON United States Department of the Navy
DPE dual-phase extraction
DQO Data Quality Objective
Dye-LIF dye-enhanced laser-induced fluorescence
EAD enhanced anaerobic dechlorination
EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eidgenössische Anstalt für Wasserversorgung, Abwasserreinigung und Gewässerschutz)
ECM energy conservation measure
EISA Energy Independence and Security Act
EISB enhanced in situ bioremediation
EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
ERD enhanced reductive dechlorination
ERH electrical resistive heating
ERP Environmental Restoration Program
ESD explanation of significant difference
ESTCP Environmental Security Technology Certification Program
EVO emulsified vegetable oil
EW extraction well
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
FEMP Federal Energy Management Program
FRTR Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable
FS feasibility study
FY fiscal year
GAC granular activated carbon
GCUA Gloucester County Utilities Authority
GHG greenhouse gas
gpm gallons per minute
GSA General Services Administration
GTS Geostatistical Temporal-Spatial Optimization Software
GWTS groundwater extraction and treatment system
GWQS groundwater quality standard
GWSDAT Groundwater Spatiotemporal Data Analysis Tool
HAB Hanford Advisory Board
HDPE high-density polyethylene
HRSC high-resolution site characterization
HVAC heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
IBHS Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety
IC institutional control
IDW inverse-distance weighting
IRM interim remedial measure
ISB in situ bioremediation
ISEB in situ enhanced bioremediation
ISCO in situ chemical oxidation
ISCR in situ chemical reduction
ISTR in situ thermal remediation
ISTT in situ thermal treatment
ITRC Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council
IVS instrument verification strip
JBCC Joint Base Cape Cod
kW kilowatt
kWh kilowatt-hour
LIF laser-induced fluorescence
LIRR Long Island Rail Road
LNAPL light nonaqueous-phase liquid
LPGAC liquid-phase granular activated carbon
LTMO long-term monitoring optimization
LTRA long-term response actions
MAR managed aquifer recharge
MAROS Monitoring and Remediation Optimization Software
MassDEP Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection
MCL maximum contaminant level
MCP Massachusetts Contingency Plan
MCPA 2-methyl-4-chlorophnoxyacetic acid
MDL Method Detection Limit
MEDEP Maine Department of Environmental Protection
μg/L micrograms per liter
mg/kg milligrams per kilogram
mg/L milligrams per liter
MIP membrane interface probe
MLE maximum likelihood estimation
MNA monitored natural attenuation
MPE multi-phase extraction systems
MPS media protection standards
MT3DMS Modular Transport 3-Dimensional Multi-Species Model
NA, N/A not applicable
NAPL nonaqueous-phase liquid
NAVFAC Naval Facilities Engineering Command
NCP National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
NCSL National Conference of State Legislatures
NGWA National Groundwater Association
NJDEP New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
NMED New Mexico Environment Department
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NPL National Priority List
NRC National Research Council
NSZD natural source zone depletion
NYSDEC New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
NYSDOH New York State Department of Health
O&M operation and maintenance
OLEM Office of Land and Energy Management
OLS ordinary least squares
OSRTI Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation
OSWER United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
OU operable unit
P&T Pump and Treat
PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
PCE tetrachloroethene
PDI pre-design investigation
PFAS per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
Photo-Cat photo-catalysis
POTW publicly owned treatment works
PRB permeable reactive barrier
PRP potentially responsible party
PV photovoltaic
PVC polyvinyl chloride
RA remedial action
RAO remedial action objective
RAP Remedial Action Plan
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RD remedial design
REMChlor Remediation Evaluation Model for Chlorinated Solvents
REMFuel Remediation Evaluation Model for Fuel Hydrocarbons
REV representative elementary volume
RI remedial investigation
RI/FS remedial investigation/feasibility study
RMCS Remediation Management of Complex Sites
ROD Record of Decision
ROS remedy operation status
RPO remedial process optimization
RSE remedial system evaluation
RSO remedial system optimization
RT3D Reactive Transport 3-Dimensional Software
RW recovery well
SBMP sustainable best management practice
SCADA supervisory control and data acquisition
SERDP/ESTCP Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program / Environmental Security Technology Certification Program
SF slope factor
SMART specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, time-bound (referring to goals)
SRM sorptive reactive media
SRR sustainable resilient remediation
SRT sustainable remediation tool
SURF Sustainable Remediation Forum
SVE soil vapor extraction
SWMU solid waste management unit
TAG Technical Assistance Grant
TCE trichloroethylene
TCEQ Texas Commission on Environmental Quality
tDCE trans-dichloroethylene
TI technical impracticability
U.S. United States
USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
USGS United States Geological Survey
UST underground storage tank
UV ultraviolet
UV-Ox ultraviolet-oxidation
VFD variable frequency drive
VPGAC vapor phase granular activated carbon
VIMS vapor-intrusion mitigation system
VOC volatile organic compound
VPGAC vapor-phase granular activated carbon
VSP visual sampling plan
WBZ water-bearing zone
ZVI zero valent iron
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