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Pump & Treat

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About ITRC
Navigating this Website
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Why Was This Document Developed?
1.2 Audience
1.3 What Is Pump and Treat?
1.4 What Is Pump and Treat Optimization and Why Is It Needed?
1.5 Navigating the Document
1.6 Limitations
2 Life Cycle Optimization Framework For Pump and Treat Systems
2 Life Cycle Optimization Framework For Pump and Treat Systems
2.1 Pump and Treat Remedy Life Cycle
2.2 Performance-Based Pump and Treat Optimization
2.3 Interactive Tool for Assessing Whether Optimization Might Be Beneficial for Your Site
3 Pump and Treat Performance Evaluation
3 Pump and Treat Performance Evaluation
3.1 System Components, System Evaluation Process, and Drivers of Performance Evaluation
3.2 Identifying Data Gaps and Updating the Conceptual Site Model
3.3 Performance Assessment
3.4 Is P&T Still the Best Remedial Option for Cleanup?
4 Process Optimization and Management for Evolving Site Conditions
4 Process Optimization and Management for Evolving Site Conditions
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Recommendations to Address Changes to the Conceptual Site Model
4.3 Optimizing the Existing System
4.4 Enhancements to the Existing P&T System
4.5 Cost Estimating for Recommendations
4.6 Optimization Report
4.7 Implementation Approach
5 Transition and Termination
5 Transition and Termination
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Transition Planning
5.3 Step 1—Identify the Trigger Conditions and Affirm the Need for Pump and Treat Transition
5.4 Step 2—Identify the Transition Approach and Develop the Lines of Evidence for Pump and Treat Transition
5.5 Step 3—Implement the Pump and Treat Transition
5.6 Pump and Treat Termination
6 Integrating Sustainable and Resilient Remediation Into Optimization
6 Integrating Sustainable and Resilent Remediation Into Optimization
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sustainability—Water Considerations
6.3 Sustainability and Green Energy
6.4 Cost-Efficiency in Sustainable Resilient Remediation
6.5 Resiliency to Climate Change
6.6 Well-Network Design / Retrofit Considerations
6.7 Climate Adaptation
7 Regulatory Perspective
7 Regulatory Perspective
7.1 Understanding Federal and State Regulatory Frameworks and Optimization
7.2 Communicating Optimization to Regulators
7.3 Changes to Regulatory Standards
7.4 Optimization and Remedy Change—How to Transition Away from Pump and Treat
7.5 Changes to Controlling Documents
7.6 Site Closeout
7.7 Regulatory Challenges and Opportunities Resources
8 Stakeholder Considerations
8 Stakeholder Considerations
8.1 Stakeholders and Risk Communication
8.2 Stakeholders and Optimization
8.3 Ongoing Stakeholder Engagement
8.4 Initiating or Renewing Stakeholder Engagement
8.5 Explaining the Optimization Process to Stakeholders
8.6 Explaining the Technical Basis of Optimization Decision-Making
8.7 Stakeholders and Sustainable/Resilient Remediation
8.8 Stakeholders as a Force for Optimization
Appendix A. Common Concepts 
Appendix B. Case Studies
Appendix C. Interactive Checklists
Interactive Checklists
Optimization Potential Questionnaire
Detailed Optimization Questionnaire
Appendix D. Existing Optimization Programs
Appendix E. State Survey Summary
References
Glossary
Acronyms
Acknowledgments
Team Contacts
Document Feedback

 

Pump & Treat
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References

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USEPA. 1998. “Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Ground Water.” https://clu-in.org/download/remed/protocol.pdf.
Y4Q3F3Q8
USEPA. 1999. “The Class V Underground Injection Control Study, Volume 16: Aquifer Remediation Wells.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water. https://www.epa.gov/uic/class-v-underground-injection-control-study.
DZ6GIAH4
USEPA. 1999. “Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation at Superfund, RCRA Corrective Action, and Underground Storage Tank Sites.” Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-02/documents/d9200.4-17.pdf.
R85TDFJZ
USEPA. 1999. Hydraulic Optimization Demonstration for Groundwater Pump-and-Treat Systems. US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/remedytech/hydraulic-optimization-demonstration-groundwater-pump-and-treat-systems.
REGMRV2E
USEPA. 2000. “Supplementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures.” Environmental Protection Agency. https://doi.org/https://itrcweb.org/FileCabinet/GetFile?fileID=6855.
ZSSDB5GH
USEPA. 2001. “Comprehensive Five-Year Review Guidance.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/128607.pdf.
PVUBSVVY
USEPA. 2001. “Cost Analyses for Selected Groundwater Cleanup Projects: Pump and Treat Systems and Permeable Reactive Barriers.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-04/documents/cost_analysis_groundwater.pdf.
8J2H4QEI
USEPA. 2001. “Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS), Volume III, Part A: Process for Conducting Probabilistic Risk Assessment.” United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. https://doi.org/https://itrcweb.org/FileCabinet/GetFile?fileID=6872.
3RRGSXF4
USEPA. 2002. “Elements for Effective Management of Operating Pump and Treat Systems.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-04/documents/factsheet_for_pt.pdf.
DQBFZY38
USEPA. 2002. “Ground Water Issue: Calculation And Use Of First-Order Rate Constants For Monitored Natural Attenuation Studies.” https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=10004674.txt.
4ZTZFUU8
USEPA. 2002. “Guidance for Quality Assurance Project Plans.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://doi.org/http://www2.epa.gov/quality/guidance-quality-assurance-project-plans-epa-qag-5-december-2002.
2XFP32XV
USEPA. 2005. “A Review of Biofouling Controls for Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of Groundwater, U.S.” EPA, October. https://clu-in.org/download/contaminantfocus/dnapl/treatment_technologies/er-0429-whtpaper.pdf.
CMLMGX4C
USEPA. 2005. “Cost-Effective Design of Pump and Treat Systems.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-04/documents/cost-effective_design.pdf.
D6GXRVXA
USEPA. 2005. “Roadmap to Long-Term Monitoring Optimization.” https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-08/documents/roadmap_ltmo_542-r-05-003.pdf.
274XPBTQ
USEPA. 2006. “Data Quality Assessment: Statistical Methods for Practitioners.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://doi.org/http://www2.epa.gov/quality/guidance-data-quality-assessment.
X5B5V2JX
USEPA. 2006. “Guidance on Systematic Planning Using the Data Quality Objectives Process.” In EPA QA/G-4. Washington D.C: United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://doi.org/http://www2.epa.gov/quality/guidance-systematic-planning-using-data-quality-objectives-process-epa-qag-4.
4CMBBJMK
USEPA. 2007. “Options for Discharging Treated Water from Pump and Treat Systems.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/176384.pdf.
P6MR8IXF
USEPA. 2008. “Green Remediation: Incorporating Sustainable Environmental Practices into Remediation of Contaminated Sites.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
CXB97RS9
USEPA. 2008. A Systematic Approach for Evaluation of Capture Zones at Pump and Treat Systems. Ada, OK: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=NRMRL&dirEntryId=187788.
7ILB4T4V
USEPA. 2009. “Green Remediation Best Management Practices: Pump and Treat Technologies.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/147210.pdf.
8F6DQD9W
USEPA. 2009. “Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery. https://archive.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/web/pdf/unified-guid.pdf.
JN7FXYXM
USEPA. 2010. “Green Remediation Focus: Massachusetts Military Reservation.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Clean-Up Information Network. https://clu-in.org/greenremediation/profiles/mmr.
4UEWBDJ5
USEPA. 2011. “Close Out Procedures for National Priorities List Sites.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/superfund/close-out-procedures-national-priorities-list-superfund-sites.
FWQWTQM8
USEPA. 2011. “Environmental Cleanup Best Management Practices: Effective Use of the Project Life Cycle Conceptual Site Model.” Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. EPA 542-F-11-011. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-04/documents/csm-life-cycle-fact-sheet-final.pdf.
B5FVZMT4
USEPA. 2011. “Exposure Factors Handbook 2011 Edition (Final Report.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/recordisplay.cfm?deid=236252.
DQXAJ4RX
USEPA. 2011. “Green Remediation Best Management Practices: Integrating Renewable Energy into Site Cleanup.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Land and Emergency Management. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-04/documents/integrating_re_into_site_cleanup_factsheet.pdf.
ANCUW35E
USEPA. 2011. “Groundwater Road Map.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. http://semspub.epa.gov/src/document/HQ/174480.
IYZAA8Z6
USEPA. 2011. “Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wastewater Management. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-10/documents/pretreatment_program_intro_2011.pdf.
RV64WJRR
USEPA. 2012. “Human Health Risk Assessment (Web Page), Science and Technology, EPA Risk Assessment.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://doi.org/http://www2.epa.gov/risk/human-health-risk-assessment.
74BEK545
USEPA. 2012. “National Strategy to Expand Superfund Optimization Practices from Site Assessment to Site Completion.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100GI85.txt.
ENEAAYBS
USEPA. 2012. “Transmittal of the National Strategy to Expand Superfund Optimization Practices from Site Assessment to Site Completion.” Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI). https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100GI85.txt.
Y7NCWKHT
USEPA. 2013. “Remediation Optimization: Definition, Scope and Approach.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://clu-in.org/Optimization/pdfs/OptimizationPrimer_final_June2013.pdf.
4DYZQGUT
USEPA. 2013. “Strategies for Saving Energy at Public Water Systems.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-04/documents/epa816f13004.pdf.
QC3IBVC2
USEPA. 2013. http://water.epa.gov/scitech/methods/cwa/wet/.
MWT6DAWC
USEPA. 2015. “Superfund Site: Frontier Fertilizer, Davis, CA.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0901554.
E2CCTGTI
USEPA. 2016. “Clarification of the Consultation Process for Evaluating the Technical Impracticability of Groundwater Restoration at CERCLA Sites.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Land and Emergency Management. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/198193.pdf.
YFTLSB2L
USEPA. 2016. “Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Facilities Investigation Remedy Selection Track (FIRST): A Toolbox for Corrective Action.” https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-06/documents/a_toolbox_for_corrective_action_resource_conservation_and_recovery_act_facilities_investigation_remedy_selection_track_rcra_first.pdf.
S7AXNFFB
USEPA. 2016. “What Is Optimization?” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Clean-Up Information Network. http://clu-in.org/Optimization/whatis.cfm.
LMNQDJEW
USEPA. 2017. “Considering Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) During the Cleanup Process.” United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Land and Emergency Management. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2018-02/documents/considering_traditional_ecological_knowledge_tek_during_the_cleanup_process.pdf.
KPJDH4F8
USEPA. 2017. “Guidance for Management of Superfund Remedies in Post Construction.” Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OLEM 9200.3-105, February 2017. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/196829.pdf.
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USEPA. 2017. “Superfund Task Force Recommendations.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-07/documents/superfund_task_force_report.pdf.
FG5YAG9V
USEPA. 2018. “Design and Installation of Monitor Wells.” https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-01/documents/design_and_installation_of_monitoring_wells.pdf.
LYWULL86
USEPA. 2018. “Superfund Task Force Recommendation #3: Broaden the Use of Adaptive Management.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Land and Emergency Management. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/100001630.pdf.
95MSIYX9
USEPA. 2019. “Climate Resilience Technical Fact Sheet:  Groundwater Remediation Systems.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-12/documents/cr_groundwater_systems_fact_sheet_2019_update.pdf.
MPMSNKHM
USEPA. 2020. “Green Remediation Focus: Former Nebraska Ordinance Plant.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Clean-Up Information Network. https://clu-in.org/greenremediation/profiles/formernop.
9RXNNCTI
USEPA. 2020. “Superfund Optimization Progress Report.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Land and Emergency Management. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/100002585.pdf.
RLVPF7D5
USEPA. 2020. “Sustainable and Healthy Communities: Strategic Research Action Plan 2019-2022.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. https://www.epa.gov/research/sustainable-and-healthy-communities-strategic-research-action-plan-2019-2022.
PFJY3BQ6
USEPA. 2021. “Community Guide to Pump and Treat.” Office of Land and Emergency Management. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/401617.pdf.
XVSKUSWM
USEPA. 2021. “Green Remediation Best Management Practices: Pump and Treat Systems.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Land and Emergency Management. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-02/gr_fact_sheet_pump_treat.pdf.
E7Y242ZI
USEPA. 2021. “PFAS Strategic Roadmap: EPA’s Commitments to Action 2021—2024,” October, 26. https://www.epa.gov/pfas/pfas-strategic-roadmap-epas-commitments-action-2021-2024.
WJUY2HAN
USEPA. 2022. “Aquifer Remediation Related Shallow Injection Wells.” https://www.epa.gov/uic/aquifer-remediation-related-shallow-injection-wells.
HCXHR83F
USEPA. 2022. “Cleanup Optimization at Superfund Sites.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/superfund/cleanup-optimization-superfund-sites.
ZHVKLCQP
USEPA. 2022. “Considerations for Adaptive Management at Superfund Sites.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Land and Emergency Management. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/100003041.pdf.
27QJTZ3V
USEPA. 2022. “Green Remediation Focus: Former Ferdula Landfill.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Clean-Up Information Network. https://clu-in.org/greenremediation/profiles/formerferdulalandfill.
6HJL8F9B
USEPA. 2022. “Hazardous Waste Cleanup: Lenox China Incorporated in Pomona, New Jersey.” https://www.epa.gov/hwcorrectiveactioncleanups/hazardous-waste-cleanup-lenox-china-incorporated-pomona-new-jersey.
JNXKMFAI
USEPA. 2022. “Leviathan Mine Site Profile.” Superfund. 2022. https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/CurSites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0901943&msspp=med.
4FHXKCMG
USEPA. 2022. “Lipari Landfill Site Profile.” Overviews and Factsheets. Superfund. 2022. https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/CurSites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0200557&msspp=med.
HACYIC2A
USEPA. 2022. “National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES).” September 2022. https://www.epa.gov/npdes.
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USEPA. 2022. “Negotiating Superfund Settlements.” https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/negotiating-superfund-settlements.
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USEPA. 2022. “Optimizing Site Cleanups.” https://clu-in.org/Optimization/index.cfm.
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USEPA. 2022. “Record of Decision (ROD) Guidance.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/superfund/record-decision-rod-guidance.
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USEPA. 2022. “Superfund: CERCLA Overview.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-cercla-overview.
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USEPA. 2022. “Superfund: Operation and Maintenance and Long-Term Response Actions.” https://www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-operation-and-maintenance-and-long-term-response-actions.
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USEPA. 2022. “Technical Impracticability Waivers.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/superfund/selecting-groundwater-remedy#technical.
78KSY939
USEPA. 2023. “Technical Assistance Grant (TAG) Program.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/superfund/technical-assistance-grant-tag-program.
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USGS. 2001. “Ground-Water-Level Monitoring and the Importance of Long-Term Water-Level Data.” https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1217/.
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USGS. 2018. “Groundwater Decline and Depletion.” https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/groundwater-decline-and-depletion.
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Venables, W.N., and D.M. Smith. 2015. “An Introduction to R Notes on R: A Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics.” https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-intro.pdf.
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Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center. 2018. “Monitoring Land-Surface Deformation in the Virginia Coastal Plain.” USGS. https://www.usgs.gov/centers/virginia-and-west-virginia-water-science-center/science/monitoring-land-surface-deformation.
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Wageningen University. 2015. “Faster Groundwater Remediation with Thermal Storage.” https://www.wur.nl/en/show/Faster-groundwater-remediation-with-thermal-storage.htm.
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Walton, W.C. 1970. Groundwater Resource Evaluation. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Book Co. https://scirp.org/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=1651823.
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Wilson, J.T. 2011. “An Approach for Evaluating the Progress of Natural Attenuation in Groundwater.” https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=NRMRL&dirEntryId=239868.
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Woessner, William W, and Eileen P. Poeter. 2020. Hydrogeologic Properties of Earth Materials and Principles of Groundwater Flow. The Groundwater Project. https://gw-project.org/books/hydrogeologic-properties-of-earth-materials-and-principles-of-groundwater-flow/.
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