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Pump & Treat

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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Why Was This Document Developed?
1.2 Audience
1.3 What Is Pump and Treat?
1.4 What Is Pump and Treat Optimization and Why Is It Needed?
1.5 Navigating the Document
1.6 Limitations
2 Life Cycle Optimization Framework For Pump and Treat Systems
2 Life Cycle Optimization Framework For Pump and Treat Systems
2.1 Pump and Treat Remedy Life Cycle
2.2 Performance-Based Pump and Treat Optimization
2.3 Interactive Tool for Assessing Whether Optimization Might Be Beneficial for Your Site
3 Pump and Treat Performance Evaluation
3 Pump and Treat Performance Evaluation
3.1 System Components, System Evaluation Process, and Drivers of Performance Evaluation
3.2 Identifying Data Gaps and Updating the Conceptual Site Model
3.3 Performance Assessment
3.4 Is P&T Still the Best Remedial Option for Cleanup?
4 Process Optimization and Management for Evolving Site Conditions
4 Process Optimization and Management for Evolving Site Conditions
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Recommendations to Address Changes to the Conceptual Site Model
4.3 Optimizing the Existing System
4.4 Enhancements to the Existing P&T System
4.5 Cost Estimating for Recommendations
4.6 Optimization Report
4.7 Implementation Approach
5 Transition and Termination
5 Transition and Termination
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Transition Planning
5.3 Step 1—Identify the Trigger Conditions and Affirm the Need for Pump and Treat Transition
5.4 Step 2—Identify the Transition Approach and Develop the Lines of Evidence for Pump and Treat Transition
5.5 Step 3—Implement the Pump and Treat Transition
5.6 Pump and Treat Termination
6 Integrating Sustainable and Resilient Remediation Into Optimization
6 Integrating Sustainable and Resilent Remediation Into Optimization
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sustainability—Water Considerations
6.3 Sustainability and Green Energy
6.4 Cost-Efficiency in Sustainable Resilient Remediation
6.5 Resiliency to Climate Change
6.6 Well-Network Design / Retrofit Considerations
6.7 Climate Adaptation
7 Regulatory Perspective
7 Regulatory Perspective
7.1 Understanding Federal and State Regulatory Frameworks and Optimization
7.2 Communicating Optimization to Regulators
7.3 Changes to Regulatory Standards
7.4 Optimization and Remedy Change—How to Transition Away from Pump and Treat
7.5 Changes to Controlling Documents
7.6 Site Closeout
7.7 Regulatory Challenges and Opportunities Resources
8 Stakeholder Considerations
8 Stakeholder Considerations
8.1 Stakeholders and Risk Communication
8.2 Stakeholders and Optimization
8.3 Ongoing Stakeholder Engagement
8.4 Initiating or Renewing Stakeholder Engagement
8.5 Explaining the Optimization Process to Stakeholders
8.6 Explaining the Technical Basis of Optimization Decision-Making
8.7 Stakeholders and Sustainable/Resilient Remediation
8.8 Stakeholders as a Force for Optimization
Appendix A. Common Concepts 
Appendix B. Case Studies
Appendix C. Interactive Checklists
Interactive Checklists
Optimization Potential Questionnaire
Detailed Optimization Questionnaire
Appendix D. Existing Optimization Programs
Appendix E. State Survey Summary
References
Glossary
Acronyms
Acknowledgments
Team Contacts
Document Feedback

 

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Appendix C. Interactive Checklists

This interactive checklist provides a method to evaluate a P&T system’s potential need for, and the benefits that could result from, an optimization review of the site’s operating systems. It is intended to provide greater consistency in the evaluation of site status and uncertainties to determine a system’s potential for optimization. The tool provides evaluation criteria, in the form of data gap analysis questions, based on specific project and site attributes common to systems that have previously benefited from optimization review. 

This tool can be used to qualitatively evaluate whether a system may have a high, medium, or low need for, or potential benefit from, an optimization review. The first set of questions is aimed at categorizing this overall need for optimization. The tool will provide additional outputs based on answers to the second set of questions, including suggestions for the optimization themes that will best suit the system in question. The second set of questions also provide relevant links to sections of this document to help guide the user to supporting information within this technical/regulatory document. The tool is targeted for those who are in the O&M stage of their P&T system, although those in earlier stages of planning, design, and execution can use the tool as a helpful guide as well. Best professional judgment should be used to evaluate optimization potential, per the evaluation criteria indicated for each question set. In general, “Yes” answers to questions mean that the responder’s system is functioning well with respect to the particular statement or theme. “No” answers mean that the system is not functioning well and could warrant optimization action with respect to the particular statement or theme. “Uncertain” answers mean that there may be a lack of data or information to support a yes or no answer, which means that optimization may be needed to gather the data to make an informed decision about performance. “N/A” answers mean that the question does not apply to the system—these answers will not affect the output of the checklist.  

For those who would like to use other checklist tools and resources, the following reference may be useful: 

USEPA Groundwater Stats Tool and User Guide (2018): https://www.epa.gov/superfund/completing-groundwater-response 

Optimization Potential Questionnaire

Detailed Optimization Questionnaire

The USEPA’s optimization program has continued to make cleanups more efficient and effective and has spurred the Superfund program forward by implementing recommendations provided in the Superfund Task Force Recommendations ( 9670091 {9670091:FG5YAG9V} items 1 chicago-author-date default asc https://pt-1.itrcweb.org/wp-content/plugins/itrc-zotpress/ USEPA 2017[FG5YAG9V] USEPA. 2017. “Superfund Task Force Recommendations.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-07/documents/superfund_task_force_report.pdf. ), including Recommendation 7, which promotes the use of third-party optimization; implementing elements of the National Strategy to Expand Superfund Optimization Practices from Site Assessment to Site Completion (“the National Strategy”); implementing recommendations for individual optimization reviews and conducting site-specific technical support projects; and implementing innovative best practices throughout the Superfund pipeline. 

The report provides updates on the status of optimization reviews conducted from FY 2015 through FY 2017 and includes optimization-related technical support projects that were substantially completed through 2018. Project highlights demonstrate results achieved from optimization reviews and optimization-related technical support projects and exemplify how the optimization program applies and promotes best practices to improve site cleanup. 

Figure C-1, below, which is taken from the USEPA’s Superfund Optimization Progress Report, tallies recommendations for key optimization results according to the best practice they are associated with in the report in Section 4.2.1, Smart Scoping; Section 4.2.2, Strategic Sampling; and Section 4.2.3, Data Management ( 9670091 {9670091:RLVPF7D5} items 1 chicago-author-date default asc https://pt-1.itrcweb.org/wp-content/plugins/itrc-zotpress/ USEPA 2020[RLVPF7D5] USEPA. 2020. “Superfund Optimization Progress Report.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Land and Emergency Management. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/100002585.pdf. ). 

Figure C-1. Number of iImplemented tools and techniques. 

Adapted from (USEPA 2020). 

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